Deep distrust

"We want to be here only," he said when asked if he would be willing to shift to a different area if the government provided land.

It is a measure of the deep distrust of the recurring promises of permanent housing that, despite visits by official from the Delhi Development Authority--the agency which oversees urban development in the Capital--most residents don't believe the government.

"Our elders kept thinking they would get land. (Eventually) they did get land, but in the cemetery," said 35-year-old Ajit Bhat, who makes his living as a puppeteer.

In neighbouring Gurgaon, the upscale suburb in Haryana, authorities mandated that builders devote a portion of their developments for economically weaker sections, defined as those earning less Rs5,000 a month. The lack of lock-in periods and high demand for housing led to allotees selling their units.

In January 2009, Rohit Gulati, an entrepreneur who lives in Gurgaon's tony Laburnum estate, bought a 309 sq. ft, one-room, bathroom accommodation built by the developer as part of the mandated housing for the less well off.

He bought it for his driver Ram Lakhan for Rs15 lakh from the original allottee of the house, who had paid about Rs50,000, Gulati says.

"I have crazy hours and I need him at least four days a week," says Gulati.

If Ram Lakhan was to find his own accommodation, he would pay Rs3,000 a month for a single room in the nearby Chakarpur village, Gulati says. "But it was filthy and he would end up having to sleep at the wheel," he adds.

The problem, some analysts say, is that since the liberalization of the 1990s, the housing market has largely catered to middle and high-income segments. Affordable housing for the urban poor has largely remained within the government's purview.

Maharashtra is a case in point. The state, which has the largest slum population in the country, has focused, over the years, on middle-income housing rather than low-cost one, according to an urban planner who works closely with the state government and didn't want to be named.

"Even when Mhada (Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority) sells apartments for Rs45 lakh each today, it is targeted at HIG (high-income groups), which is for people with a monthly income of Rs14,000. Can those people afford those homes," he asks.

However, state governments have started focusing on urban housing on a bigger scale as their revenues grow, a Union housing ministry official, who didn't want to be named, said.

Just a slogan?

Maharashtra has tried several initiatives through agencies such as Mhada, but the results have been far from impressive. The Slum Rehabilitation Authority, the nodal agency for sanctioning slum redevelopment schemes to developers, has approved only 600 schemes in the past 20 years.

"Building a million homes in five or 10 years is the government's favourite slogan now, but little has been done so far in housing for the genuine low-income groups," said V.K. Phatak, urban planner and former chief planner at the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority.

A 2009 survey by Knight Frank India, a property and research advisory, said that at a time when the real estate sector was realigning its focus towards affordable housing, there was a requirement ofat least two million units by 2011.